Martin Luther reflection

Martin Luther was the person that started the new reformation through his ideas. He was born in Germany in 1483. He was well educated and his father always wished that Luther would study law. In 1505 Luther decided to become a monk after he got stroked with a thunderstorm. After becoming a monk, Luther tried his best to live with what the Church instructed him. Luther was always worried about that God would punish him and he always thought that he was a sinner. When he started to think deeper about the punishment it brought him to think about God as if God was God of Mercy. Afterwards he started to believe that the people could be saved only if they had faith in Christ.
Luther started to led a conflict with the Catholic Church. The conflict started like this: the church was selling indulgences and Luther disapproved this. So he started to write his ideas in Ninety-Five These.
Several of his ideas:

-the bible is the only source of religious truth
-People don't need the clergy to interpret the bible
-salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ.

These ideas brought end to the Catholic church.

Printing press reflection

Printing Press 

Printing press the most significant technological achievement in the Renaissance era. Printing press was invented by a German man named Johann Gutenberg. This machine was invented in 1400s. The printing press was a machine that pressed paper against a full tray of inked movable type. Gutenberg used printing press to print the complete version of the bible in 1455. Printing press was very important because it now allowed to print more books instead of barely printing one.  Also printing press allowed not only the noble class to read books but also it allowed the lower class to read books. The printing press also encouraged many authors in those times to start to write their book in their native language. The printing press also allowed the authors to write more books,which were translated into their native language. The people could read the books in their everyday language. The bible was also translated into different native languages and now people could understand the bible in their own conclusions about religious teachings 

14.2 Lecture notes

Luther's ideas spread 
-priests preached his message 
Printing press 
-cheaper 
-many languages 

Peasants revolt (1500s) 
-Luthers ideas of individual freedom 
-condemn peasants + nobility who mistreated peasants 

Religious wars (mid 1500s) 
Charles V head of Holy Roman Empire 
-many German princes go to war with Charles V 
-made Luther an outlaw

John Calvin (Calvinism)
-predestination 
-individuals have no choice in heaven or hell 

Church of England 
-King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife 
-form Church of England (Anglican) 
-kept catholic beliefs but rejected pope 

Counter reformation 
Council of trent 1545-1563 
- established differences between Protestants + Catholics 

Jesuits - very organized, strict organization 
-spread Catholicism to Africa,  Asia + Americas 

Inquisition - court to judge People who wander from the lord to Catholic Church 
-officials used institution to torture to get people to confess sins 

Compare the Italian and the Northern Renaissance

Italian Renaissance:
The Italian Renaissance started from 1300 until 1600. The Italian Renaissance began in the center city of Rome - Italy. The Italian Renaissance developed art, architecture, engineering, and renaissance writing. The Italian Renaissance were the first ones to develop a medici family which were later called the patrons. The development of art in the Italian Renaissance included changing the two dimensional into three dimensional art. Before  the art works were flat and in the Italian Renaissance the artists, sculptures started to make art in 3D. This technique is known as perspective. This technique helped the art works to look more realistic. In the Italian Renaissance they had 3 main figures that were leading the art to its perfection. They were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. They made the most famous works. There also was a famous architecture that changed architecting into something new. His name was Fillippo Brunelleschi. He was known for designing and building the most significant churches in those times. The last thing that was developed in the Italian Renaissance was writing. The writers were writing in latin and they made a new play that was called the divine comedy. It was focused on spiritual development and life after death.

Northern Renaissance:
The Renaissance started to move north after the Hundred Year war ended between England and France. The cities in this renaissance started to grow rapidly because trade was going very well. The Northern Renaissance developed writing, art, science, and technology. The people in the Northern Renaissance didn't focus too much on the classical art. Instead they created more realistic arts. There were 2 famous Flemish painters: Jan Van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel. Both of them should the lives of different social status.  Jan Van Eyck only worked on the nobles or the wealthy families. Pieter Bruegel showed through his artwork the fun life of  peasants. He showed how elders and the young ones danced and enjoyed their life. There also was a famous play writer, his name was William Shakespeare. His famous works were Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and The midsummer dream. The Northern Renaissance developed advances in science and Technology. The people started to use letters in algebra, develop new theories of the universe. Also a machine called printing press was invented. It helped to write more books and any one could afford books. Also people started to write books in their native language.

14.3 Section Review

Explain the importance of:

• missionary- a person who travels to a foreign country in order to do religious work.
• convert-to persuade a person to adopt a new religion or belief.
• covenant- a binding agreement
• Peace of Westphalia- 

  an agreement reached in A.D. 1648, which recognized the permanent division of western Europe into Catholic and Protestant nations and ended many ongoing religious wars.

• Federalism - is the sharing of power between an organization, such as church or government and its members. 

what role did religious missionaries play in the reformation? 

• The missionaries gave a decisions to the people about changing their religion. If the people rejected then the missionaries would kill them.

what impact did the reformation have on the religious geography of the Americas? 

• English people were one of the main people that have settled in the America, while being the protestant. While the Spanish, Portuguese and French were the main catholics that settled in Americas. 

how did the protestants influence the development of democratic practices?

• in usual democracy, any person can become someone but the protestants made it that only Christians can be someone important. No Catholics

why might Catholic missionaries have had more success finding converts than protestant missionaries did? 

• Because the Catholics have decided that their religion can be available to anyone and in any time new people could join, that's how they spread their religion. But the protestants chose people that were allowed to join. 

Compare the maps on 457 and 482. what is the relationship between the distribution of religions in Europe and the Americas? 

• In page 457 the Catholic church didnt have as much power but in page 482 the only religions that were left were Roman Catholic Church and Protestants. But before in page 457 there were many churches and religions. The Roman Catholic church moved to america and before it was in Europe. 
• 
  

14.2 Section Review

Explain the importance:

• John Calvin- was a french reformer. 
• Predestination- God chooses the persons future before the person is born.
• Jesuit- religious order by the society of Jesus. 
• Ignatius of Loyola-  formed the Jesuits in the early 1530s. 
• Inquisition -a court established by the Roman Catholic Church in 1542 A.D. to investigate people who may have strayed from Roman Catholic faith and to strengthen the power of the Church.

How did peasants use Luther's ideas to support their revolts?

• They used Luther's ideas to justify. They wanted freedom and when they used Luther's ideas it meant that God was on their side. They wanted equality between the nobles and the peasants. 

According to John Calvin, what effect did good works have on a Christian's chances for salvation?

• John Calvin thought that Christians could do nothing to earn salvation. He was the one that talked about predestination. He wanted everyone to believe that god has already chosen their future before they were even born. So the people couldn't do anything to change their predestination. 

How did the Council of Trent make the Catholic Church stronger?

• New religious orders were made
• He made a group of Jesuits. They were a military unit. 
• They learned languages to spread the Catholicism in other countries. 

What about the Reformation was most threatening to the Catholic Church? 

• The reformation threatened the catholic church by making it almost fall. because the papacy created a list that considered a threat to the Catholic Church. The only people that had the list was Church Officials. 

What advantages did the Catholic Church have when beginning the Counter Reformation? 

• Churches had the power because the power of the king/queen fell. Churches started to gain more power.

14.1 Section Review

14.1 section review

Explain the important:
∙great schism- split between Avignon and Rome. Where they choose different popes.
∙Martin Luther- was a man that represented the ideas of the new reform movement.
∙Reformation- to describe the movement of opposition to the Catholic Church
∙indulgence - is a relaxation of earthly penalty for sin.
∙Protestant- became the name for the Christians who broke with the Catholic Church.

How did the great schism weaken the church?
- it caused the confusion and doubt among the Christians and caused the church to weaken.

What were some of the Church practices that reformers spoke out against from the 14th through the 16th centuries?
- the people disliked several things. The people that lived in the outside of Italy didn't wanted to pay taxes anymore. Also the reformers didnt like that indulgence was sold. The critics didn't like how the church spent the Money and where they spent it.

What were some of the ideas Luther wanted to debate?
1)the bible is the only source of religious truth
2)people don't need the clergy to interpret the bible
3) salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ.

How did the growing strength of national states affected the papacy?
Now the pope wasn't only a religious leader, they also now became a military person. The pope tried to control people about religious meaning and the pope wanted to influence governments through the diplomacy.

How did Luther's ideas about religious truth threaten the church?
His ideas went against the Roman Catholic Church's teachings. His ideas made the Christians break into the Catholic Church. He and the people that agreed with him attacked the Roman Catholic Church.

13.3 Section Review

Explain the importance of: 
•William Shakespeare - most famous writer. His works showed a strong understanding of the human nature. 
•printing press- it's was useful to print the bible. It was a movable machine. 
•Elizabeth Age - William Shakespeare wrote about a period of time when Queen Elizabeth ruled. 
•Vernacular - Native Language 
•Johann Gutenberg - he was the one that used printing press.

Why does Shakespeare's work remain popular today? 
-because his works showed a strong understanding of the human nature.he wrote all kinds of plays such as : Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and etc.

what advances were made in math and science during Renaissance? 
- huge changes because the mathematics in Renaissance decided to add letters to algebra, and the scientists developed new theories about the universe. Also the scientists started to think more deeper about the anatomy, cartography.

What effect did translating the bible into vernacular have? 
Now everyone wrote in the same language, before authors wrote only in Latin. After writing in a native language, it encouraged many people to start reading.

How did the printing press help strength the Renaissance movement? 
The printing press allowed the authors to print many books in 5 months instead of printing one book in 5 months. After the printing press books became more cheaper and now everyone could allow themselves to enjoy books.

Do you think consider the artistic or the scientific advances of the Renaissance more important? 
Yes because scientists developed a lot of things. They started to learn more about human body and start making maps which now days helps us a lot.

13.3 Lecture Notes

Renaissance Moves North
Late 1400s:
1) Cultural Integration

• Italian artists interact with others from Europe
• War in Italy in late 1400s

2) Growth of Towns

• Hundred Year War ended in 1453 
• peace allows growth of trade
• create a wealthy merchant class

3) support from political powers

• England and France have strong monarchy 
• supports art
• consider them a source of national pride

4) Northern Artists and Writers

• different from Italian Renaissance 
• Northern scholars dont study classical as much 
• works more detailed in presentation of everyday life

5) German/Flemish Painters

• Durer (German) 
• woodcut "Four Horsemen of Apacolypse" 
• Jan Van Eysk and Peter Bruegel (Flemish)
• Flemish = Modern day Belgium 
• paintings often show peasants dancing or children playing 

6) Northern Writers 

William Shakespeare 

• born in 1564 England 
• writes tragedies, comedies and history plays
• best known works: Romeo and Juliet, A midsummer night dream,Hamlet

Elizabeth Age 

• Period named after Queen Elizabeth 
• Promoted arts 
• Well educated + speaks several languages

Advances in Science and Technology 

1) Math 

• Algebra (Letters to algebraic equations) 

2)science 

• New theories about universe, anatomy and cartography 

Printing Press: 

• John Gutenberg invents 
• 1455 Gutenberg bible 

Impact of printing: 

• Books become cheaper
• ,many people can now buy

Artists can write in their own vernacular (native language) 

• Before they wrote in Latin

Now many books including bible, are written in many languages

• allow people to read and interprel for themselves meaning of book 

13.2 Chapter Review

1) Explain the importance:

• Renaissance- rebirth of the classical art. 
• patron- they were the wealthy families and they became the patrons of art. I think it means the fathers of art.
• perspective- it was new technique that made the artworks 3 dimensional not flat anymore. 
• Leonardo da Vinci - he was an painter that studied geometry, astronomy, and anatomy. 
• Michelangelo- He was a sculptor and his artworks showed the feeling of power. 

3) How did Italy's cities help to make it the birth place of the renaissance? 

• The renaissance started in Italy because 1) Italy was the center of of the Roman Empire, 2) trade routes. This city made the birth place of renaissance because of the trading routes the painters, sculptors could exchange with different techniques. Also because of italy being the center of the roman empire allowed the painters or sculptors to not go far to revive the styles from the classical period. 

4) What 3 artists dominated the Italian Renaissance? 

• Raphael 
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Michelangelo

5) What are the characteristics of the Renaissance men? 

• well educated 
• artistic
• intelligent 

6) Do you think the renaissance could have occurred without the presence of large cities? Explain.

• Maybe but they wouldn't have such money to afford themselves sculpting and spending money of art.

7) how did the focus and style of renaissance art differ from that of middle ages? 

• In the renaissance time the art was more realistic and more depth. In middle ages artworks were flat and didn't have depth in them or any feelings. in renaissance times the painters started to look deeper into their work and show feelings through their art work. 

13.1 Chapter Review

1) Explain the importance of:

• Silk Roads: was a trading route that connected Europe with China. Silk road helped to develop the trading in the Renaissance times/era. 
• Humanism: was thoughts that focused on what human beings could achieve. The humanism's job was to make individuals that could encourage people to achieve everything in their life, that they could.

2) How did humanism differ from earlier beliefs about the place of individuals in society? 

• In the Medieval times Kings and Churches were at the very top of the society pyramid. People had to put kings and churches before themselves. But now in Renaissance the people put the humanists in the top society pyramid. The Humanists were leading the Christian life. The Humanists tried to make individuals that were examples for other people to show that they need to achieve everything they can in their life. Humanists taught the people to enjoy their life and focus on achieving things in their life. 

3) What were the key factors that led to the decline of feudalism? 

• The 3 main factors that led the feudalism to its end is the Bubonic Plague, Hundred year war, Growth of Nations.

4) What 2 regions did the Silk Road Connect? 

• Europe and China

5) what was the main goal of the humanism?

• To make individuals that will be an example to others and will show others that they need to achieve as many of the achievements that they can in their life.

6) How did the reopening of the silk roads contribute to new ways of thinking among europeans?

• The people had chances to meet other people and culture. They could now make relationships with other cultures. 

7) How did the teachings of humanism weaken the power of the church?

• i think the humanism weakened the power of the church because humanism taught people to look more at themselves then to the higher society people. I think people started to look more deeper into themselves rather then listening to the people from the higher society. 

13.2 Lecture Notes

Renaissance = Rebirth

• Classical art
• learning
• writers create new styles and ways of thinking 

1300-1600

• Begin in Italy/Spread to Europe

Why Italy? 

• Center of Roman empire
• artists didnt have to travel far to revive styles of classical period

Cities: Florence 

• most important city 
• center of banking and clothing production
• early 1300's 120,000 population
• Venice
• Milan

Medici family: 

• Ran Florence 
• Wealthy 
• Support Arts

Advances in Arts

• 2D to 3D art perspective
• portray humans in realistic ways
• previously art dealt with religious matters

Leading Figures: 

Art: 

1)Leonardo da Vinci

• The last Supper
• Mona Lisa
• Astronomy, Geometry, Anatomy 

2) Michelangelo:

• Sculptor: Mases
• Artist: Sistine Chapel

3) Raphael: 

• the school of Athens

4) Titian: 

• bright colors and broad strokes. 

Architecture: 

• Brunelleschi
• known for building large domes

Writing: 

1) Alighieri

• Divine Comedy 

2) Cervantes: 

• Don Quixote

3) Machiavelli

• The Prince

Life During Renaissance:

1) Upper class Men: 

• benefit most
• educate themselves to become well rounded person
• Renaissance Men 

2) Upper class Women 

• education was very important
• Some became famous
• Victoria Collonna
• gained few political/ social rights
• went only to market
• main duty educate children

3) Other Classes:

• most not wealthy
• many were middle class
• largest number were poor
• Renaissance ideas did not reach 

13.1 Lecture Notes

The reasons why Feudalism ended:

1) Bubonic Plague: 

• fewer serfs to work land. 

2) Hundred Year War: 

• End chivalry 
• longbow can pierce armor

3) Growth of Nations: 

• Expansion of trade
• reopening the silk road

Decline in Education during Dark Ages. 

People think about their experiences from the past and they start to think deeper. They create: Revival in Classical Learning, Humanism, New Age of Creativity. 

Humanism started in Florence in 1400s. Humanism meant control of individuals actions. Humanism was the leading thought of Renaissance. Humanism develops. Humanism meant developing yourself and not depending on the God. 

MesoAmerica Great Leaders Reflection

Pacal ll: he was greatest leader in Mayan Civilisation. He took the throne at an age of 12 in 615. Pacal ll proved to his region that he was capable and a wise leader. Under his power Mayans became known as the most improved or developed civilisation. Under his control the Mayans started to do advances in learning such as making codices and doing math. The Mayans were the first ones to make a mathematical system that would count till 20. The Mayans also built more then 40 cities and were very powerful. The Mayans started to understand glyphs and write them on huge stone monuments called Steles. Under his power the civilisation was at its height or glory.

Pachacuti: He was the 9th greatest leader of Inca Civilisation. Under the power of Pachacuti the Incas lands started to grow. He conquered a lot of lands for his people. Afterwards they conquered all of the Peru. Under his control the Inca's lands grew almost till 2500 miles. For Incas it was hard expanding and controlling their civilisation. The good thing was that the Incan government was very organised and were talented at administrators. Under his power Incas came to their glory until the Spanidors conquered their lands.

Geography Reflection

Geography Reflection:

Olmec:
The Olmecs lived along the Gulf of Coast. Now days it is named as Mexico. They settled near the rivers which allowed them to farm a lot. Usually after the river floods there was left alluvial soil, it was type of that was very fertile. The geography of their civilisation helped them to develop and grow a lot of crops.
Mayan:
The Mayans started their villages in the northern of Guatemala. Their villages were in the highlands and lowlands of MesoAmerica. The climate in the northern Guatemala was dry and cool. This climate didn't allow them to do farming. So they did their farming in the Yucatan Peninsula, where it was hot and dry. This climate allowed them to farm.
Aztec:
The Aztecs settled in Tenochtitlan. Around Tenochtitlan the land aaas very farming with very small farm lands. They couldn't grow a lot of crops, this effected their culture. But Aztecs fixed that mistake. They built chinampas, which helped to grow crops.
Inca:
The Incas settled in the most fertile lands, and their elevation was more than 11,000 ft. The climate there was dry and cool. They lived near the Andes mountains and living next to these mountains was very hard. It made their lives challenging. Farming was very difficult, because the lands were too high. To grow crops, they made irrigation systems which allowed them to bring water to their lands.

Aztec Reflection

Society:
The Aztec society had only 3 main classes: Nobles, intermediate class, commoners. Each of the classes had their own jobs in the society. Noble class's job was to control military, owned large estates, ran the government. The nobles lived very rich. The priests were also counted as the nobles. The intermediate class were mostly merchants and skilled artisans. The Aztec society was mostly made out of commoners, such as: farmers, fishers, craftsman, and soldiers. At the very bottom of the society classes were slaves. They were usually captured prisoners.
Belief:
The members of the society had to learn about religion and about their gods. Their religion was based on worshiping agricultural gods. The Aztecs believed almost in 1000 gods. Priests scheduled the days for religious practices and religious dates/ceremonies. Humans were only sacrificed if they were prisoners or criminals.
Legacy:
The Aztecs left after themselves the things that now days we use. They left after themselves Astronomy. Their astronomy helped us to make calenders and scheduled days that help us to schedule stuff for us. The astronomy helped us to look at stars and know everything we need. They also left their codices. I know now days we dont use codices, but the archaeologists use them to find things.

Mayans and Aztecs:
Mayans and Aztecs were similar, because they both had a writing system and their culture was the same. They both believed that they worshiped more then 1 god, their legacy is similar too. The only thing that makes Aztecs and Mayans different is that Aztecs were conquered by the Spanidors and Mayans just disappeared.

Inca Reflection

Daily Life:
it was hard for Incas to do farming, because they were at an high elevation, which didnt allow them to farm a lot. They built irrigation systems, to water their lands. The Incas grew crops, but the problem was that it was too cold and the crops would be dry. So instead they started to grow llamas and alpacas. llamas and alpacas were very important because they were source of wool and meat. They made roads for the chasquis to run and deliver the messages. Their trading was limited, and any trading would be controlled by the emperor.

Society beliefs:
The Incas didnt worship gods as other civilizations. They believed that their emperor was the son of their most important god named Inti. Their culture was based on sun as the source of life and agriculture. The human sacrifice was very rare, mostly animals. Emperor in their society made important decisions and the priests did all of the religious beliefs.

Legacy:
The Legacy of the Incas is that they left after themselves a mathematical tool called quipu which allowed them count. Also they left after themselves roads that they have built for the chasquis to run around and deliver messages.

Olmec Reflection

Describe Olmec Culture and Legacy

Culture: 

The Olmecs lived near the water and this advantage allowed them to became fishers. Everyday job of Olmecs were fishing, farming and also building houses. Their houses were located on dwellings. The dwellings could hold up to several houses. They built their houses from mud, wood and palm leaves. The main job of farmers were providing food for everyone in the village. The nobles of the Olmec society were called elite. The elite lived in big stone houses, wore fancy clothes and always had a fancy jewelry made out of jade or any other beautiful rocks. The commoners were usually farms and craftworkers. They lived in small house that were made out of mud or wood. The art in their civilization included big stone heads that represent Olmec rulers or famous ball players. The Olmecs also made small sculptures from jade and they also liked doing pottery and painting. Similar to Mayans, Olmecs used glyphs to write, record important dates and tell stories. Also Olmecs worshiped only several gods. They worshiped gods such as: fire, corn and jaguar. Mostly their gods were represented as animals. The Olmecs used pyramids as religious centers. 

Legacy: 

The Olmec influenced other later civilizations to come in contact with other civilizations across MesoAmerica. They also have influenced other civilizations with their art such as sky dragon and the snake god. The snake god will later be shown in the later civilizations such as Aztecs and Mayans. The Olmec civilization spread across Mesoamerica because the Olmecs did trading with precious stuff. 

Mayan Reflection EO7

Describe the Culture and Legacy of the Mayan People

Culture: 

Mayan culture started in 2000 B.C. The Mayans culture included the fact of worshiping around 160 gods, but there were only 6 important gods. They were the god of Sun, the goodness of Moon, the god of Rain, the god of War, God of death and lastly the god of Maize. Their gods were represented as animals, such as jaguar. Also the Mayans brought sacrifices to their gods. The sacrifices were mostly animals, but afterwards they started to sacrifice human beings. The Mayans thought that human sacrifice or animal sacrifice brought them connection with the gods that they worshiped. Also the Mayans had a lot of religious ceremonies. The main ceremony was the ball game. Mostly this game was a competition but sometimes it had a religious meaning.  They played this game on important dates or to honor the heroes. 

Mayans had main jobs in their society as farming, teaching and building. The Mayans had a great place to farm. They lived in the Yucatan Peninsula and the soil there was fertile and good for farming. The Mayans had the most important job of supplying food for their people. 

Also the Mayans created many helpful things such as book of codex, calendar and many other things. The Codex was a book with glyphs (pictures) that told their story and how they lived. The calendar was created by using math system that they created too. The calendar accurately predicted the sun eclipses, showed the orbiting of Venus, helped identify the good time for planting and growing crops. 

Legacy: 

They left after them many legacies but i will tell only the main ones: 

1) The Maize (Corn). Maize was very important for the Mayans, they grew them a lot. Eventually the mayans called themselves the "People of the Maize". It was essential for their civilization. 

2) The Ball Game (Now days called Soccer). They played this game with a ball, which they had to score in a hole. This was a complicated game, which sometimes was counted as religious. In this game they couldn't use their legs or hands. This game was so competitive that at the end of the game the losers were dead. 

3) Chocolate (Cacao) Not all of the Mayans were allowed to drink Chocolate. Only the nobles and mid class were allowed to drink this chocolate. It was some sort of hot chocolate. They didnt eat them solid form, they melted them and then drank it.